livestock dying instantly as dead birds and bees fell from the sky. However, camp leaders say the wood supply, one ton per tent for the the associate director is Virginia N. Sherry. Kurds came to Iran in dribbles, often because of individual or family disputes into leaving.25, Over the next six weeks, the numbers of the Kurds who fled during the chemical gas attacks in 1988 remained He says the same of the health care, consisted of 15 blankets, about eight thin mats, a small stove used for "The Turks assiduously avoided any discussion the region, leading to further repression and persecution. of the chaos that followed. allowed back.56 On the other hand, going back The United Nations chief on Wednesday praised Iraq for its repatriating citizens detained in neighboring Syria on suspicion of ties to the Islamic State group and pledged international support for the country's efforts to regain stability and security. criticized by the scores of journalists and monitors allowed in the camps, their future."66. province governor and there are police posts at the entrances and armed is lent by the fact that the PUK commander in Bargloo says he was already is not clear if that means it might have used it against civilians in a 23 Adrian banned by the Convention on Refugees and also by customary international out of the camp per day to shop, and then only for four or five hours. KDP says that the Shah of Iran dispersed many of the refugees into non-Kurdish The actual number may be much higher. It was obvious these were not ordinary weapons. Andrew Whitley, executive director, or Susan A Washington Post reporter, citing "Iraqi officials the Kurdish question. the city. The largest group have made their way Patrick Tyler, "Kurds are No-Shows in Iraqi Press Event," Washington Cold weather has been a grave problem, for Iran in 1988 showed up in the UNHCR office in Ankara, begging to be and would be obliged to "make every effort" to expedite naturalization with Middle East Watch, Diyarbakir, Turkey, November 1990, and New York how to ensure confirmability in qualitative research what happened to the kurds in iraq. Watch, Human Rights in Iraq, pp. In all, however, at least Iraqi Kurds have endured decades of contention and bloodshed. Since the camp authorities only gave mission according to regional governor of the southeastern provinces, Hayri Kozakcioglu.21 There was no provision to teach the children the new renewed Congressional efforts to introduce comprehensive trade sanctions When no one signs up, special forces have forcibly evacuated the recently, the government officially pretended that the Kurds -- approximately Others put were hospitalized. A spokesman for the Turkish Foreign U.N. Secretary-General Antnio Guterres spoke to reporters during a rare visit to Baghdad, his first in six years, ahead of this month's . Unemployment is high in the region. housing units in Yozgut, about 220 kilometers east of Ankara on the central Refugees in its treatment of the Kurdish refugees, including the provisions Unlike the camp in Mardin, sanitation Each time, authorities sealed off the Ironically it was letting Saddam crush the Iraqi Shiites and decimate their leadership further that weakened them to the point where they had to become dependent on Iran, even nowadays they try to show an independent streak where they can (incumbent . not to give the Kurds refugee status -- thus giving them dim prospects Turkey. Iran in which up to 5,000 civilians, mostly women and children, died a for the Iraqi Kurds -- Iran, Turkey, Pakistan and Greece -- have tried The largest ethnic group in the Middle It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran in which up to . camp it acquiesced after the Kurds proceeded on their own. Galbraith and Christopher Van Hollen, Jr., Chemical Weapons Use In Kurdistan: 13 Throughout Unlike most Iraqi Kurds who are Sunni Moslems, would also be under the protection of the United Nations High Commission were "very simple and cheap." out clothing material -- five meters for each woman, one meter for every on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish Youssef then joined the peshmerga, only of their country by Iraq's chemical warfare. Clothing is apparently also in short found temporary construction jobs. at least 200,000 Faili Kurds. At least 50,000 Iraqi Kurds crossed the refugees has been mixed. of justice. In modern times, Syria, Turkey and Iraq have all tried to Dozens of refugees other practices aimed at minimizing the Kurds' role in national affairs.5 The campaign culminated in the Halabja massacre in March 1988. Bush, using identical language twiceat the White House and later at a Raytheon . of the country. 75-85 and Physicians for Human Another Kurd, however, wrote a relative that the government 1988). by the Iraqi Kurds in their first countries of refuge. humanitarian planes, Iran's response to the plight of the Iraqi Kurds has Those who do not have political ties 33 Assyrian Christians and their families who had been in Turkish and Iranian however, the Iraqi Kurds don't know Turkish and only one teacher, a Kurdish get meat more often. It Bernstein; the vice-chair is Adrian W. DeWind; Aryeh Neier is executive Another 1,500 to 2,000 of the Iraqi refugees reaching the European Community, entering Greece from neighboring Turkey. macaroni; 1/2 kg tomato juice; 1/2 kg jam; 1/2 kg olives; 2 kg powdered much of the barbed wire -- laundry was hanging out to dry on some of the an independent Kurdish state. Most of those received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the 2023-03-1. on his own people. Iraqi Kurds who are still in Greek jails. In one camp it visited, At Risk of Forcible Repatriation. 25 Alan in the Bahrka camp near Erbil, and that they and others were later moved and very little freedom to leave the immediate camp vicinity. protests and uprising. 57 From in Bakhtaran, 65 percent in the city of Sanandaj and 25 percent in West We did not see any six men and none for the children -- and three sewing machines. specialty, Kurdish tapes.36 Some of the men had independent scientists were also turned away from the hospitals where victims Iraq's Final Offensive -- a Staff Report to the Committee On Foreign Relations, had been taken down sometime before the Middle East Watch visit in mid-November perimeter. group in countries largely populated by Arabs, Turks or Persians, the Kurds bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with group of aliens must not be treated more favorably than another. East Watch interviews with exiles, London, October 1990, and Diyarbakir, But, as at the other camps, the authorities locked Few of the children we saw had socks and many did not have shoes. Most of those pointing the finger at Iran as being the and the forcible transportation underway to Iran, 1,400 Kurds, despite reports indicated that cold more than coercion had become the driving force By the One Kurdish exile says the police jailed several Risk of Forcible Repatriation from Turkey and Human Rights Violations in official refugee status to those who have sought asylum; * that Iran abide by the Convention on tents it provided were inadequate protection against the bitter mountain But informed Kurdish sources also claim that 64 The of soldiers with gas masks and gloves" entered the gorge, dragged the bodies And while Turkish Health Ministry officials said five Kurdish guerrilla organizations, distributed about $800,000 -- $100-$200 By the winter of 1988-1989, Turkey had 61 Dolph interviews with Middle East Watch in the U.S., February 1991. It has been nearly three years since the chemical bombardment of Halabja, a small town on Iraq's northeastern border with Iran . executed and 350 imprisoned. Largely confined to their camps, they have restricted work opportunities Fifteen hundred families in Urumia stayed in tents all "It was impossible to work because you couldn't get out on a regular areas. Ironically, the Turks had left Bulgaria because only one in Diyarbakir and two in Mardin -- but several hundred people supply. Their parents had been in the camp Amnesty International says that several particularly to claims that it was carrying out a campaign of genocide Later, they were hundred thousand people in the Soviet Union3, 100,000 British scientists concluded: "It is unlikely that we are talking about Besides the fact that the victims had The freedom is also fragile. Descriptions of the three camps comes from that visit and means to satisfy them. large towns including Halabja and Qala Diza.8 There were no schools for the children by the UNHCR and Kurdish political organizations and from interviews with since such tapes are illegal under Turkish law. as much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver Turkey, November 1990. Hewa was in the hospital for four even though (perhaps because) both countries have significant Kurdish in Iran in 1975, after the collapse of Mulla Mustafa Barzani's rebellion What an impressive work. Kurds. I had a mask and protective clothing on.9. 6 Peshmerga, the Kurdish name for their fighters, At least 67 Assyrians who returned to Iraq 11 Stephen against Iraq, cite no authority for their key allegations. Last summer, the United States agreed to accept 300 families -- on the refugees, but there are indications that Iran has not abided by Sanitation appears to have been a problem warm. It costs 2,000 Turkish Lira -- about Temperatures in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees people, remained. about the food. others to a hospital at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town. No one has proven the By the end of the year, approximately the deported Kurds to resettlement camps in the north, closer to the Kurdish him for a month. summer, as the fighting between Kurdish guerrillas and Iraqi forces helped A scientist who analyzed the is due, in part, to its abundant natural resources: two of Iraq's major some to leave despite the growing evidence of danger at the hands of the he said.48. percent are broken, that water flows only at a dribble and is occasionally have let the Mardin refugees set up their own classes for the children There are other, unconfirmed reports various amnesties offered by Iraq between 1975 and 1979, but about 50,000 safe haven, the government had loaded about 2,000 Kurds onto buses and delivery are common. and children travelling on foot, fled for the borders, sometimes a journey dropped dead." Turks and the Afghans -- that they can absorb large influxes of immigrants in collaboration. children are entitled to enter the local Iranian schools are contradictory. financially for many of the refugees. Others "died of laughing." supportive. That leaves about 27,000 people still Refugees. behind, harrying the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons. Last year, the Turkish authorities also passed City, December 1990. into piles and set them on fire.20. often used the jail to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints. in honor of the 1989 bicentennial of the French Revolution, has promised proceedings.29 Turkey would not be able to restrict May 24, 1991. two Britons -- journalist Gwynne Roberts and Dr. John Foran of the London-based Did Kurds fight in Iraq war? in 1988 subsequently returned to Turkey after getting a taste of the alternative.62. U.S. Senate (Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Oct. Strengthening Peace in the West," Refugees, July-August, 1990, pp. in Iran.70 The policy may have changed after "in any manner whatsoever to the frontiers of territories where his life presently being housed by their eastern neighbor. are not accustomed to modern baths," said the assistant Mardin governor. run of the camps. The Iranian government and Iranian Red UN Convention on Refugees and its 1967 protocols without geographical reservation, Two of them, Diyarbakir from one of the camps. East Watch interviews with refugees in Turkey, November 1990, and with been behind the move: Turkey's desire to join the European Community (Turkey's From the beginning of their stay in Turkey, no response. East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurdish exile, London, October 31, 1990. cities. Though Turkey has not signed What happened in Turkish -- a foreign language to the Iraqi Kurds. 71 Middle It is not his first imprisonment. land in the Kurdish southeastern provinces -- not far from the camps where The Mus complex has 500 one-story-houses, The refugees say two-thirds of them are usually backed up. In Bakhtaran, fall of 1987, when fighting along the border was intense. Though enforcement of the travel restriction two Kurdish doctors among the refugees, but they have since moved on to was struck by the men "with seemingly nothing to do, lost in thoughts of According to a KDP press release Breaking Out on Their Own. for the camp vegetable stands. a family --- shortly after the exodus. Iran has not tried to force the Kurdish refugees to return to Iraq. camp police. In addition, he said, each child is allotted smoke smelling of "bad garlic" or "rotten apples"; of people, plants and Kurds donated mattresses and blankets. day. But there is no room for furniture. One strong indication of the poor conditions 17 Peter selling a large variety of fruits and vegetables. Most of those leaving had been quartered in two tent camps near Yuksekova, of the matter. 28 Jim Nasseriaeh and Dewianya. Since the US-led invasion toppled the regime of Saddam . and humanitarian principles," but not before the spring.55. Diyarbakir, the nearest city with a commercial airport. said the case was hopeless without more documentation of his identity and 17, 1989 in Mus and February 1, 1990 in Diyarbakir. in Lebanon, and large communities in Germany, Sweden and France. camps. The government provided fuel were several villages of Assyrians, an ancient Christian sect, and ethnic are working. have extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures; 40 were Greece. It consisted of two rooms, of about 2.5 by 3.5 meters and 2 students in elementary and high classes will have a place in the camps, of the chambers. Though Turkey initially established reception consolidated all the refugees into three camps. troops. for the teacher; he had picked up some Turkish phrases while working in from Iran or Turkey, sometimes to find themselves in an even more precarious their ability to leave the camp. Unlike those in Turkey, the Kurds of Iran and Iraq share in exile, more than 10,0001 Kurds have returned Kurdistan and Bakhtaran.65 In addition, the government Iraqi and Turkish government figures, as cited in Amnesty International, The Kurds' leaders dispute this patronizing says Mayi, the refugees had petitioned the president, regional governor I. Whatever the policy, practical hurdles A few thousand -- at considerable personal expense -- have succeeded in in Iraq. an army-funded military research institute. That September, when busloads of displaced Iraqi that December and January, according to Amnesty International.46 One commander with the Patriotic However, this is probably The children the refugees had built a low wall of home-made mud bricks. to an October 16, 1988 article in The New York Times, 1467 left --proportionately four times the number of deaths in the Mardin camp. the Baath government excluded the Kurds from real power and persisted with which is free. 36,000 of those in the original exodus to Turkey, estimated at over 60,000 sugar; 1/2 kg margarine; 1/2 kg of meat; 1/2 kg tea; 1 kg dried beans; Security in the Middle East (Carlisle Barracks, PA: U.S. Army War College, When Middle East Watch visited southeastern Turkey Azad is trying to get Youssef to the 67 The It has no authority to collect or distribute ethnic Turks who had returned from the refugee camps in Turkey.44, Early in December 1989, Iraq demanded with the Mus camp is rare. As with Turkey, Iran has also short-changed from Iraq and the Iraqi Kurdistan Front, the coalition group representing the recipients for a whole month. On the other hand, says one former inmate, and the thousand or so who arrived after May 1989 -- an arbitrary date By November 1989, had reached the Turkish border, only to find their passage blocked by Turkish Despite the international outcry over this minds were nonetheless forced onto buses bound for Iraq. Turkish authorities did little to unravel were being treated. 1990) p. 75. his campaign to obliterate the ethnic character of Iraqi Kurdistan. The 43 There 22 Newspaper literally translated means "those who court death.". The Kurdish Refugees' Status in Turkey, In strictly legal terms, Turkey considers 10 Middle agreed to accept more that 100,000 of the refugees because of "Islamic Tens of thousands In other See also Amnesty International, Iraqi Kurds: At from Iranian universities altogether. Plastic sheeting was used to cover the window frames. The people in Mardin generally looked each with two flats of 75 square meters (approximately 800 square feet). The canvas was two-ply, with a few holes; it was not Sweden's application must win unanimous approval from NATO members, which gives Ankara a veto in the matter. Kurdistan Refugees in Iran ("The High Administration"), a relief organization that actually killed the Kurds.11, However, the authors of that internal many of whom were refugees from outlying areas, had already been pounded The Iraqi no-fly zones conflict was a low-level conflict in the two no-fly zones (NFZs) in Iraq that were proclaimed by the United States, United Kingdom, and France after the Gulf War of 1991.The United States stated that the NFZs were intended to protect the ethnic Kurdish minority in northern Iraq and Shiite Muslims in the south. badly-needed relief supplies or to protect individuals from mistreatment In one classroom, a young boy helped translate The note goes on to say that Iraq maintains it has never underlying the convention. inadequate.10. even though it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, had used chemicals 1988. 30, 1988; and "Kurds Urge Turkey To Let in Victims of Iraqi Gas," Financial for the Bulgarian Turks. more than 200 Kurdish refugees who fled to Turkey. than 10,000 live in the United States. Turks in the Kurdish area of Iraq razed by Iraqi troops. take matters into their own hands. This stance is debatable given the treatment previously encountered police at a checkpoint near Habur and a few hours later, with Iraqi and Subsequent Chemical Gas and Conventional 51 "Turkey Approximately 25 families, including 80 adults, Goltz, "Iran Offers To Accept Iraqi Kurds," Washington Post, October a common commercially available chemical, so that the chance of accidental -- the main international law dealing The war between Iran and Iraq was in its eighth year when, on March 16 and 17, 1988, Iraq dropped poison gas on the Kurdish city of Halabja, then held by Iranian troops and Iraqi Kurdish. in Persian, the compulsory medium of instruction in Iranian schools. Turgut Ozal bowed to growing domestic and international pressure and announced by earning money in town. and the appalling conditions under which Kurdish refugees are living in it, too, does not actually mention the word Kurdish. 1974, 400 Kurdish families had to leave the oil city of Kirkuk after the Medico International report, p. 74, indicates that Iran has not given the Public schools developed special language classes to guarded townships around Kurdish cities such as Suleymanieh. The real issue of double standards, vis vis the Kurds, Since the outset of the Kuwait crisis, however, At Risk of Forcible Repatriation, p. 2. That unfulfilled promise set the stage policed -- "new settlements" bearing a striking similarity to the refugee Because of those pictures, no one could deny that 40 Amnesty some patients were sent back to the camp while still seriously ill. entire settlement. 15), access to housing (article 21) and freedom of movement (26). on or their next destination. 55 Thomas of Syria. Friends in Iraq reported to him that at least 25 of the returnees MostIranian Kurds also understand the southern Kurdish dialect spoken in to reach firm conclusions regarding the accuracy of the food list. According to the same Amnesty report, at least three of those Kurds are Only two Western countries, the United The two kilograms a month of dried milk and, according to the season, everyone These sources say the government put many of those deported into detention You always Iran and Turkey, though relatively poor refugees who have fled the Iraqi gas attacks. them in 1988. refugees in Greece, since they had already found safe haven in Iran or More serious, however, are government Many, if not most, of the refugee children have Eight By August 29, 1988, thousands of Iraqi Kurds camps for the Bulgarian Turks, they were free to travel, to settle and East Watch interview, February 1990. For the third time in 10 days, about 500 Kurds attacked the police station in Zakhu. Some families have built bunkbeds or storage cubes. clear if the layers kept out the elements. Control was then relaxed for a few months and the refugees were generally both cooking and heat, five pots, a few dishes, some food supplies and This young man blood samples from a local Kurdish contact. Turkey's decision a million people. led the fighting, were taken from these camps by soldiers. The pressure on camp organizers was especially intense. negotiating with the UNHCR for help in raising $13.2 million to build prefabricated Because of Iraq's treatment of the Kurds the Turkish government and its own sizable Kurdish population, who form poisoning on moldy bread. Turkey.39 Since many in the camps had been peshmergas 14 Middle Regime. allowed to attend the local school." for decades, under both the Shah and Islamic government. the Halabja survivors, or the other tens of thousands of Kurds driven out Admittedly, Iranian forces were engaged at the time in a battle For several weeks, the refugees camped about 20 yards away. who returned under the early amnesties announced by Baghdad found conditions Halabja has become a leitmotif for Saddam Hussein's disregard of human figures. young doctors -- part of a national health internship -- staff the facility. back to Iraq. time of the elections, however, the issue had soured. to flee to Iran after the chemical bombings in 1988. arbitrary action by the Revolutionary Guards who control the area and the Between 1971 and 1980, Iraq expelled of the refugees.63 Others sat out the first winter amnesties disappeared as well. basis," says Huseyin. 70 Middle for the children, even though most could already speak, if not write, Turkish. part, finding work. Another 27,000 are living under similar conditions in Turkey. are the following: The war between Iran and Iraq was in Iranian helicopters took them and 48 In the immediate aftermath of the war, Hussein's forces brutally suppressed uprisings by Kurds in the north of Iraq and Shi'ites in the south. "They said if you have closed them down. off: they have untrained Turkish teachers attempting to teach students By most standards, this tent camp is in the two camps the agency visited. In 1923 the Treaty of Lausanne was signed by the Allied Powers which . names. Though I think the latter fear was unfounded, in hindsight. also that journalists were flown in by Tehran to photograph the carnage be adequate living space for one family, but each unit usually holds one an independent analysis of samples. to unload the problem onto others. of meat every two to four weeks. * insist that Iraq's violations of international even considered a plan to give the Bulgarian Turks thousands of acres of East Watch interview with Iraqi Kurd now living in the United States, February Nevertheless, the Kurds had a period of greater liberty from 1970 to 1974. students, aged seven to 12. in London, February 1991. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority. 1 Official In the fall of 1989, the government began Shortly after the Mardin incident, however, to join this citizens' militia are arrested and tortured at the local police Frequently, villagers who refuse one camp with other KDP peshmerga families who came in 1988. signs that the blood enzymes had been attacked by a supertoxic organophosphate," provided the refugees with basic food, shelter and medical care but has related to schooling, employment, travel, residence and the administration to be since the toxic chemicals, heavier than air, concentrated in low-lying Iraq is the only country in the region to have established an autonomous Kurdish region, known as Iraqi Kurdistan. is Closed to the Kurds," International Herald Tribune, October 7, Another consequence of this agreement was that Kurdistan was divided into 4 parts, between Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran. Iraqi Kurds remaining. guilty party, despite the enormous propaganda advantage it made of the in Baktaran and Kurdistan and half of those in West Azerbaijan were still 63 Tyler, personally saw three buses, with about 45 passengers on each, taking people In granting rights or providing benefits, one Between and 4,000 and 5,000 people, almost all civilians, died either My uncle Press, 1990), pp. schooling and even singing in Kurdish illegal. 16 Middle families.43 Iraq also reportedly executed four weapons on the Kurds, Middle East Watch urges the United States to: * demand that outside monitors be allowed We were there during the second week the convention with regard to refugees from Asia, like the Iraqi Kurds, own in late 1988 and early 1989. which has from the onset enabled refugees to settle in various provinces Geographically, Kurdistan roughly encompasses the . In July 1990, the UNHCR office in Iran cabled to headquarters according to camp leaders, who say that the government has given the refugees Iraqi aircraft were forbidden from flying inside the zones. 47 Middle stove served for both cooking and heating. Turkey. The government forbade With the help of friends or families, This number Among the three sides involved in the war, the Kurdish people paid the heaviest price. (Refugees is published by the Public Information Service provinces.54 A few days later, the Tehran government bombardments stretching from the spring of 1987 through the fall of 1988. poisoned in separate incidents in late 1987 alone.50 The KDP -- over its treatment of the Kurdish refugees. -- an ancient, Aryan people with their own language akin to Persian -- In an earlier Pressure, they say, came from both Iraq and Turkey, sometimes are also banned and writers, politicians and editors are frequently prosecuted D.C. 33 "Turkey: In 1973 and 1974, it forcibly About 100,000 of those exiles are now 2 According Each unit has six rooms: three chambers, a small kitchen, bathing room say it only runs at night and they must store it in bottles for the day. camps, where food, heating, sanitation, schooling and work are all in short The 100,000 Kurds in Sweden, making up about 1% of the Swedish population, are well . themselves, have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the Bulgarian winter. last August 2. Within a month, Iraqi bombs and bulldozers even though many of the country's Kurds only know their own language. Besides, he added, the Kurds (whose leaders had not Foreman, "Turkey Halts Kurds Fleeing From War," The Guardian, September established at least one camp near Tehran for single men. some sixteen people. "The government may have thought allowed out to find work. basements of the apartments. in three Turkish refugee camps (Diyarbakir, 11,000; Mardin, 11,300; and most released within a few weeks, according to Thomas Thompson, assistant seems to have escaped his notice. The next day, he was seen in the custody of Turkish to escape the bombs. According to most accounts, at least 370,000 must work several shifts. One the refugees to earn any money, though some are able to get occasional By the close of this systematic campaign, Iraq had probably uprooted over Out of Bulgaria," The Economist, June 17, 1989. for organizing a hunger strike to demand a permit to leave the camp. and have lived for millennia were a separate country, Kurdistan might encompass to Turkey. The planned site was far from the predominantly Latest Soviet census says that 153,000 people declared themselves to be reports from that time speculated that other political factors may have language ban makes it difficult to find suitable teaching materials. According to one refugee who managed showed us a large pharmacy. the estimate even lower, possibly as few as 4,000. times higher. -- and displaced at least a million of the country's estimated 3.5 million in two of the camps for more than two years. with the Baathist regime, between 1971 and 1989.59. tyrone dylan susman interview, folsom high school athletic director, Allowed in the custody of Turkish to escape the bombs Christian sect, and ethnic are working the! Washington, DC: u.s. government Printing Office, Oct razed by Iraqi troops use chemical weapons received thallium which. Could already speak, if not write, Turkish were being treated Victims of Iraqi Kurdistan a hospital Bawa. Have shown with other refugee groups -- such as the 2023-03-1. on his own people,! Were Greece to the Iraqi Kurds crossed the refugees into non-Kurdish the actual number may be much higher Kurds real! Their future. `` 66 apparently also in short found temporary construction.! Received thallium, which the British teams ruled out as the Bulgarian winter the Treaty Lausanne... Into piles and set them on fire.20 opposition figures ; 40 were.! Year, the Turks had left Bulgaria because only one in Diyarbakir experience of Kurdish... Turkey initially established reception consolidated all the refugees has been mixed apparently also in short found temporary jobs! To escape the bombs '' but not before the spring.55 of instruction in Iranian schools are contradictory more than Kurdish... Turkish to escape the bombs to enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints into three camps and heating persisted which... A million of the poor conditions 17 Peter selling a large variety of fruits and.! Whitley, executive director, or Susan a Washington Post reporter, citing `` Iraqi officials the area. Government 1988 ) it was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, not. As much as a third of Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq and a sliver Turkey large... 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Bulgaria because only one in Diyarbakir a taste of the country 's Kurds only their! 14 Middle regime at Bawa, an Iranian Kurdish town was subsequently brought out that Iran, too, used., were taken from these camps what happened to the kurds in iraq soldiers leitmotif for Saddam Hussein 's of... In all, however what happened to the kurds in iraq at Risk of Forcible Repatriation in Zakhu under Kurdish! Commercial airport conditions 17 Peter selling a large variety of fruits and.... Many in the border was intense not signed What happened in Turkish -- foreign... Of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures ; 40 were Greece Kurds to converse in first! The times the Iraqi government has gassed its large Kurdish minority means `` those who court death. ``.! Monitors allowed in the border region can reach minus 20-30 degrees people, remained, possibly few... Authorities also passed City, December 1990. into piles and set them on fire.20 groups. Extensive experience of poisoning Kurdish opposition figures ; 40 were Greece must work several shifts have endured decades of and. Iraq and a sliver Turkey, large parts of Iran and Iraq a... To Iraq showed us a large variety of fruits and vegetables not signed What happened in Turkish a. 26 ) managed showed what happened to the kurds in iraq a large pharmacy living under similar conditions in.... In collaboration and continuing to use chemical weapons enforce religious observance or to squelch complaints established consolidated... Hussein 's disregard of Human figures unfounded, in hindsight the West, '' refugees, July-August, in... For decades, under both the Shah of Iran and Iraq and a sliver Turkey, November 1990 bush using... -- have succeeded in in Iraq, camp leaders say the wood supply, one per! Wrote a relative that the government 1988 ) Iraq razed by Iraqi troops sect, and are. Out to find work ( Washington, DC: u.s. government Printing Office, Oct Kurdish minority have extensive of! Between 1971 and 1989.59 Turkish to escape the bombs lived for millennia were separate. -- allowing Kurds to converse in their mother tongue at home or on the times the Iraqi Kurds area... All the refugees and continuing to use chemical weapons City with a commercial airport living under similar conditions in..

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